The novels Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence

The books Sons and Lovers by D. H. Lawrence and Orlando by Virginia Woolf offer intriguing remarks on sexuality and the sex jobs characterized by society and the class framework. Through Orlando and different characters of that story, Woolf portrays hermaphroditic qualities of people, featuring the similitudes between the sexes. Lawrence’s characters, as well, show an interrelationship between the genders that gives a false representation of the cultural standards. Order and structure of the social orders in the two books signify a detachment that, similar to that of sexual orientation, appears to be shallow as the primary characters can rise above class by encountering parts of various layers. A significant number of the issues in regards to sex and sexuality, it is discovered, persevere paying little mind to the class. In the two stories, in this way, one finds the delineation of relations wherein class and shows direct the job of ladies and men on the cultural level, yet on the individual level, the connections among people are regularly odd and confounding in insubordination of these dictates.Though Orlando begins snidely taunting its own course with the words â€Å"Heâ€for there could be no uncertainty of his sex [†¦]† (Woolf, 3), the depictions of the characters and particularly of Orlando in the novel exhibit a crucial similarity between the two genders that is frequently neglected in a general public that anxieties the notable yet shallow contrasts. Indeed, Woolf from the outset causes to notice his being highly involved with cutting a Moor’s headâ€an activity not traditionally thought to be fit to females, yet then she follows his picture by characterizing body parts that are normal to both genders and hold next to no sexual orientation separating qualities. She depicts his red cheeks â€Å"covered with peach down† (4). In spite of the fact that this â€Å"down† may be regarding a (dainty) mustache, the del icacy of the depiction loans a ladylike flavor to the whole representation. Different characters are depicted along these lines as well. The archduchess Harriet is a tall womanâ€who ends up being actually a man, and when Orlando first observes Sasha he can't decide her sex as she seems, by all accounts, to be riding both.Sons and Lovers can be believed to depict a comparable perspective on the manly offspring of the Morel family. The children William and Paul are presented in their childhood, which is when young ladies and young men share numerous qualities that are separated later on. As they grow up, their codependence on their mom further ascribes to them an appearance of gentility as they (particularly Paul) can't settle on choices that forget about her. In the sister Annie, as well, has a component of the bisexual, as she is depicted as a boyish girl to whom Paul turns upward. These realities set up the perusers for the further befuddling jobs of the genders and the weird th oughts of class and sexuality that accompany them.At the start of the books the two heroes (Paul and Orlando) are pictures of sexual immaculateness. Sovereign Elizabeth believes Orlando to be an image of honesty. Before long, in any case, Orlando experiences Sheba, communicates opportunity with his sexuality, and experiences difficulty discovering love. It is fascinating to take note of that however Woolf apparently depicts the two genders as just hastily extraordinary, Orlando’s sexual opportunity becomes tempered once he changes from man to lady, and it is in his female express that he discovers love. Paul, then again, shows an underlying restriction toward sex during his progressively young and delicate period. It is later in his development that he gets enthusiastic and seeks after sexual relations with Miriam. Both Orlando and Paul are met with trouble in finding what Orlando terms â€Å"life and a lover† (Woolf, 90). Orlando is, be that as it may, ready to accomm odate his disparities with†¦ the other gender. Paul can't, be that as it may, and remains alone.The jobs of the people in these two stories are atypical when contrasted and those characterized by the class and society wherein they live. It is essential as a matter of first importance that however the class differentiations existed, they all viewed ladies as individuals from the milder sex who needed insurance and direction from the other gender. In Sons and Lovers, Mr. Morel is a poor supplier for his family as he disseminates his income on drink and lives in a house gave by his mom. His better half coordinates the way of his children, and he assumes an exceptionally little job in his family. Close by him, Mrs. Morel shows up less like the fireside, weaving lady and progressively like the man who requests work for her children and exhorts them on relationships.Miriam’s response to Paul is additionally one in which the lady communicates the longing to act in a job that is expectedly saved for men. He musings are, â€Å"Then he was so sick, and she felt he would be powerless. At that point she would be more grounded than he. At that point she could cherish him. In the event that she could be fancy woman of him in his shortcoming, deal with him, in the event that he could rely upon her, on the off chance that she could, in a manner of speaking, have him in her arms, how she would cherish him!† (Sons and Lovers, 137) The job of defender is given to man by Western culture, and in all classes men are viewed as the more grounded sex that exist to deal with ladies. Here Miriam wishes to fill that job, take Paul in her arms, ensure and love him. Paul’s character, thus, gives off an impression of being one that would fit well into this representation, as he is as of now in a subordinate situation with his mother.In Orlando, something can be said thusly also. The title character zigzags all around the jobs of ladies and men as if they were just cursorily separated. He concedes that at center he is the equivalent, however by society’s guidelines he performs satisfactorily in every job. Specialist Ruth Gruber composes, â€Å"There is basically no corruption in Orlando's bi-sexuality. As a man, he has a solid inclination towards ladies, makes brutal love to princesses and lies with ‘loose women’† (87). He is acknowledged by female whores and male archdukes the same, their sexes permitting them no information with respect to reality of this lady who used to be man.The certainty that the whore just as the curve duke acknowledges Orlando drives additionally to the possibility that class obstructions are as shallow as the ones that isolates the sexesâ€which renders them confused however superable. Orlando himself announces that he feels appended to the low conceived, yet when he goes to live among the vagabonds, he understands he shares a portion of the thanks of the higher classes. This gives simila rly as human instinct rises above sexual orientation, so it additionally rises above class.This thought is reflected too in Sons and Lovers. Paul is additionally likened to the average folks and tells his mom this when she communicates the longing for him to ascend to a higher class. This mother, who had acknowledged a lower position in wedding Mr. Morel, has discovered little satisfaction in the plunge. Lawrence composes this in a letter to a companion: â€Å"a lady of character and refinement goes into the lower class, and has no fulfillment in her own life† (â€Å"Letter,† 28). All things considered, according to his mother’s want and that of Miriam who â€Å"hated her situation as a pig girl† (Sons and Lovers, 137), it is advanced that the extravagances of the higher class were still (maybe normally) attractive to humans.Remarkably, the creators hit upon comparative topics in two immensely various sorts of books. Orlando, an awesome piece composed by Virginia Woolf, presents hypotheses about sex, class and sexuality that demonstrate them to be mind boggling and in this way not as effectively characterized as show would have it. D. H. Lawrence’s increasingly reasonable story can address these issues also. The books challenge both reality and conviction by portraying the characters with conceivable feelings in their circumstances. Indeed, even on account of Orlando, the treatment of connections rings true in the two his time frame as a man and as a lady. The class circumstances and the outflows of sexuality likewise help with showing that the muddled idea of the person rises above hindrances of sex and class.Works CitedGruber, Ruth. Virginia Woolf: The Will to Create as a Woman. New York: Carroll and  â â â Graf, 2005.Lawrence, D. H. â€Å"Letter to Edward Garnett, 19 November 1912.† D. H. Lawrence’s Sons  and Lovers: A Casebook. Eds. John Worthen and Andrew Harrison. Oxford:  â â â Oxford UP, 2 005.Lawrence, D. H. Children and Lovers. New York: Signet, 1985.Woolf, Virginia. Orlando: A Biography. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth, 1995.

Preliminary PDHPE Assignment Essay Example for Free

Fundamental PDHPE Assignment Essay 1) Recount the narrative of the person according to how the affliction they looked as influenced their wellbeing status. The person who I chose to look into is presently notable for her activity facilitating the Biggest Loser, Hayley Lewis. At 15 years of age Hayley Lewis had won 5 Gold awards at the 1990 Commonwealth Games. She weighed 58kg and considered her weight at the time as she was fit, sound and strong. A magazine came out saying that she was â€Å"a fit multi year old however somewhat overwhelming legged. † From then on she began to get greater and greater. After a year her weight had crawled up to 65kg and by the 1992 Barcelona Olympics she weighed 73kg. Hayley was advised by her mentor to shed pounds and the increasingly more she was told, the more she went to nourishment for comfort. By being told she was â€Å"heavy legged† from the media and being advised to get thinner the more this affected on her genuinely, intellectually, socially and profoundly. By being overweight this cut off Hayley’s swimming vocation as she was humiliated, endured tension and loathed being openly examined. Hayley Lewis likewise loathed getting up on the grounds that she realized she needed to put on her â€Å"togs†. She said that she was hustling with young ladies 20kg lighter and you can’t shroud anything when you’re in swimmers. She likewise said that she used to concentrate on her weight each time she bounced up on to the beginning square as opposed to concentrating on her race. By being judged as a result of her physical appearance made her quit her swimming profession since she felt that she didn’t fit in anyplace. This influenced both her psychological and profound wellbeing. Since Hayley Lewis had a negative physical wellbeing status this affected on her passionate wellbeing as all the elements of wellbeing are reliant on each other and when one territory of wellbeing is going downhill this can affect on the various parts of an individuals’ wellbeing status. Hayley Lewis had a low confidence and didn’t have faith in herself. This was on the grounds that she was tormented about her physical appearance and the media caused her to feel dishonorable about her weight. She didn’t appreciate the achievement of being a swimmer either due to the disgrace and blame she felt about herself and her own self-perception. Another factor that could have had an effect on Hayley’s wellbeing status is the passing of her more youthful sister as this could have made her chance to nourishment for comfort. Hayley Lewis needed to confront a multi year weight fight from when she was 15 until she was 35 when she had her subsequent kid. During her pregnancy Hayley increased another 25kg. At the point when she got a call from Jenny Craig to turn into a represetative she at long last acknowledged how overweight she was and chosen to take care of business. She lost 4kg in the primary week and was at last refocusing and picking up these valuable long periods of her life back. Hayley Lewis is presently the present host of the Biggest Loser and says she can identify with the candidates so well as she most likely is aware precisely what they have experienced and what they are experiencing. She would like to move them and become as great a good example as she can so they get the chance to adore themselves the manner in which she does about herself now. Hayley Lewis has confronted significant affliction in her life and it has influenced her wellbeing status genuinely, intellectually, socially and profoundly. She has at long last gotten through and is at an extraordinary point in her life, has defeated her weight fights and has made herself glad for where her body has gotten her today. an) Evaluate how the components of wellbeing have interfaced to build the wellbeing status of the person. Hayley Lewis’ physical, mental, social and profound wellbeing have collaborated to develop Hayley’s current wellbeing status as every one of these measurements are reliant upon each other. In the event that one part of wellbeing is certain, at that point this will probably affect the various parts of an individual’s wellbeing. Hayley’s physical wellbeing when she was more youthful was genuinely poor. At the point when Jenny Craig came into the image this made Hayley become mindful and acknowledge exactly how poor her physical wellbeing was. In view of this unexpected acknowledgment, this has built Hayley Lewis’ current wellbeing status from various perspectives since she at long last took care of her unforeseen weakness. She began to get in shape and the inspiration of the Jenny Craig program helped her get through. She was given feast and exercise designs yet as a resigned swimmer she was accustomed to having the pre-composed eating and preparing plan. She had beaten her past self-perception evil presences and she understood that she had another concentration in life due to turning into a parent. She needed to step up and turn into the best good example she could be for her youngsters. She tossed out all the old photographs she had of herself as an overweight young person and came back to the pool in 2000 with a reestablished certainty. She despite everything has â€Å"good days and awful days, as everyone† except has figured out how to adore, respect, acknowledge and support her body with deference as you just get one. Her past physical wellbeing has now developed Hayley’s current wellbeing status as she is presently a size 8-10, lost 20kg and has kept up her weight by eating nutritiously, arranging her dinners and practicing frequently. Hayley now has a constructive physical wellbeing status and plans to move others, for example, the greatest failure challengers, with her very own rousing story. Hayley Lewis’ enthusiastic wellbeing has majorly affected the development of her present wellbeing status. Intellectually, Hayley never used to have confidence in herself and had an extremely low confidence and self-perception. Since she has gotten mindful of her unexpected frailty status and has lost 20kg she presently has a positive headspace and an uplifting point of view. She has a reestablished certainty yet at the same time has â€Å"bad days† like everybody. By identifying with the current greatest washout hopefuls this has caused her to feel glad to where her body and brain has gotten her today and needs to get them out so they can feel how she feels about herself now. Hayley’s as good as ever positive enthusiastic wellbeing has majorly affected the various parts of her wellbeing and has made a general positive wellbeing and prosperity for herself as the components of wellbeing are for the most part reliant upon each other. When Hayley Lewis was more youthful her social wellbeing endured on the grounds that she was overweight truly and didn’t look positive on life in view of her poor enthusiastic wellbeing. She was tormented, contrasted with others and was continually being judged, if not by the media, by her mentor and family companions. She currently has a positive social wellbeing as she is presently hitched to an extremely understanding and agreeable spouse and has 2 youngsters. Her certainty is currently blasting contrasted with when she was battling her multi year weight fight. Her certainty has permitted her to improve her associations with loved ones and now she can likewise identify with the greatest washout candidates since they have become her companions. She is persuasive towards these contenders and has additionally gotten exceptionally near them and helping them reestablish their lives and start new. Profoundly, Hayley now feels a feeling of having a place and worth contrasted with the misfortune she confronted in light of the fact that she has battled lastly won her weight fights. She is currently fit and solid, can identify with and feels separated of the greatest washout family and furthermore has her very own exceptional group. She presently has an exceptionally positive headspace and this has affected on and transformed herself from multiple points of view. Hayley’s extraordinary experience of winning her multi year weight fought has happened in light of the fact that she at last got mindful of how poor her wellbeing was. The 4 elements of wellbeing, physical, mental, social and otherworldly, have all cooperated with one another and have built Hayley Lewis’ current wellbeing status in a positive manner. Since she began getting in shape she saw that all her passionate, social and otherworldly parts of wellbeing have profited her general wellbeing. This is on the grounds that every one of these measurements are related upon one another and develop the general wellbeing status of a person. b) Evaluate how the family member and dynamic nature of wellbeing has affected upon the wellbeing status of the person. Because of her very own encounters Hayley Lewis would now rate her wellbeing as being ideal. She has combat with her weight for a long time and has at long last beaten that. Just as being at her objective load by eating healthy, practicing and making supper plans for herself she needs to consider how the family member and dynamic nature of wellbeing has affected upon her very own wellbeing status. Relative and dynamic nature of wellbeing alludes to how wellbeing can differ every now and then and change everywhere. Ailments, mishaps, individual encounters, ecological variables or an individuals’ financial status can affect an individual’s level of wellbeing anytime during their lives. These constant changes in a person’s wellbeing imply that wellbeing is dynamic. Deciding where an individual is along the wellbeing continuum anytime of time is exceptionally emotional as individuals everywhere throughout the world have various recognitions about what is ideal or â€Å"normal† wellbeing. By beating her multi year weight fight, Hayley Lewis currently has a superior information on what great wellbeing is. She sees herself in an increasingly constructive manner and the consequence of this is general society and individuals all around her are seeing her in a progressively positive manner too. By putting stock in yourself can influence how others see you and accept that you have potential though in the event that you don’t have confidence in yourself, at that point others will think the equivalent. This is one reason that Hayley Lewis’ certainty has ascended after some time since her confidence has risen she understood that individuals were beginning to see her, and her wellbeing, I

The Best Study Methods for Psychology Students

The Best Study Methods for Psychology Students Student Resources Study Guides and Tips Print The Best Study Tips for Psychology Students By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Updated on August 18, 2019 Dougal Waters / Digital Vision / Getty Images More in Student Resources Study Guides and Tips APA Style and Writing Careers Psychology classes are sometimes a struggle for students, especially for those with little or no background in the subject. For this reason, it is extra important to establish good study habits. Because psychology is such a diverse field, students may occasionally feel overwhelmed by the sheer amount of information on the subject. Students of psychology soon realize that the subject covers a huge range of material. An introductory course alone encompasses discussions of psychologys philosophical background, social statistics, biological influences, experimental methods, and much more. The diverse topics students might study in the field of psychology include social behavior, personality, research methods, therapeutic techniques, and much more. Because psychology consists of such a broad range of topics, it is important to develop ways of studying and mastering new theories and concepts. Study Methods for Psychology Students Following a few simple study tips can help psychology students effectively learn new concepts and theories. With good study habits, students can achieve academic success in psychology. The best part? Creating good study habits wont just help you in your psych classes. These same skills and routines will pay off in a big way in all of your college courses. 1. Study Regularly The Two Hour Rule: The general rule is that for every hour of time you spend in class, you should spend two hours of your own time studying the material.Plan Your Study Time: The amount of time you need may vary, but you should set aside time each week for reviewing study materials. At the beginning of the week, consider the material you need to cover and estimate how long you will need to complete your assignments, readings, and reviews.Schedule Study Time: Ideally, you should schedule a specific block of time to devote to each subject. Even when you are busy, set aside short periods of time each day to concentrate on your classwork. 2. Study Actively Think Critically About the Material: Effective studying involves more than just reading the assigned text and skimming through your notes. You need to analyze and understand the material.Take Notes: Read through your materials slowly and write down key points. Write down any questions you have about the materials that you can later discuss with your classmates or course instructor.Test Your Understanding: Quiz yourself on the material you have just read. If you struggle with certain questions, make note of these areas for additional study.Summarize the Main Points: Once you have studied the material, see if you can answer these questions: Can you identify the main concepts covered by the material? Can you think of your own examples of each theory, problem or concept? 3. Be Active in Class Take Effective Class Notes: Your psychology class notes should be a summary of what you learned in class, not a transcription of everything your instructor or classmates discussed. Practice taking brief, effective notes that summarize the key points of what was said.Go to Class Prepared: Read the assigned chapters before class. If you approach each class discussion with a good understanding of the material, you will be better able to participate in class discussions. 4. Study Alone Initially, Then In Groups Individual Study: Your initial study sessions should take place alone. By doing this, you are better able to concentrate on the material.Group Study: Once you have a good grasp on the material, utilize review sessions with classmates or study groups. These sessions are a  good way to refresh your knowledge of the material before a quiz or exam. How to Become a More Effective Learner Last-Minute Study Tips You have probably been told hundreds of times that cramming is a poor way to study for an exam. Hopefully, you remember to attend your psychology classes and take good psychology class notes. However, even students with good study habits sometimes find themselves needing to cram the night before a big exam. While cramming for an exam is definitely not the best way to study (and you certainly shouldnt make a habit of it), you can use a last-minute study session effectively to review notes and organize your thoughts. Tara Kuther, Ph.D., a Graduate School Expert, has a handy reference guide with tips for how to cram for an exam. She suggests prioritizing the topics you are going to study, reviewing class notes and required readings, and answering questions about the material in your own words. Other tips that might come in useful: Create a quick outline of the topics that will most likely be on the exam. Put a star next to the subjects that are giving you the most trouble, and then study these topics first. Next, move on to the material that you are more familiar with for a quick refresher.Dont take on too much. Trying to learn an entire semesters worth of material in one night is an impossible task. Instead of trying to cover every single thing, focus on the material that is most likely to appear on the exam. A quick rule of thumb - if your instructor talked about it in class, it is very likely that it will show up on the test. Use your class notes as a guide for what you should focus on in your cram study session.Get some sleep. It might be tempting to stay up all night to try to learn as much of the material as you possibly can, but this strategy can backfire. In all likelihood, you will just end up so exhausted and burned out that you wont be able to perform your best on the exam. Instead, study what you c an during your cram session, but still try to get some uninterrupted sleep the night before your exam. If you really need more study time, wake up early the next morning and go through your review materials one more time. How to Take Great Psychology Notes Final Thoughts At the start of every new class, sit down and come up with a study plan that will lead to success in the course. A little planning now can save you from a lot of last-minute stress.

Alcohol Related Accidents Essay - 874 Words

Alcohol Related Accidents Someone in America dies every twenty-two minutes, because of an alcohol related accident. Most people feel that they will never be part of this statistic, but experts on this subject say that everyone has a forty percent chance of being in an accident with a drunk driver. Drunk driving is a serious problem that the United States, as well as the world, is trying to deal with, because it does not only effect a select few, it effects everyone. Drunk driving amongst high school students is an enormous problem that the United States is trying to cope with. Many programs have come to surface over the past few years, that educate students on this situation. MADD, mothers against drunk driving, is a non profit†¦show more content†¦Even if the person appears to be fine and there is no one to drive their car, call a taxi. The amount of money that it costs does not even compare to how priceless a life is. Many little things come into affect when you are socially drinking and it is bett er to be safe then sorry. Children always are afraid that their parents will be upset with them if they are intoxicated. One hundred percent of parents would rather have their kids home alive and drunk, then get in a car with a drunk driver and run the risk of death. Driving drunk impairs everyone and no one is immune to it. Driving an automobile while under the influence of alcohol is one of the most dangerous things a person could do. This is because they are not only dangering themselves, but the other drivers on the road. There is no safe way to drink and drive. One drink may complicate a persons ability to drive a vehicle. It has been said in some reports that drinking heavily can even impair a persons driving in the morning after they wake up. These two organizations are leading the way in the harsh battle to stop people from drinking and driving. The best way to stop this horrible epidemic is to make people aware and to educate them. These two groups as well as many others ar e trying to do so. They promote parties on weekends for kids to go to, just so they are not in danger of drunk drivers. Many schools around the country have clubs to try and help preventShow MoreRelatedAlcohol Use, Abuse, And Related Accidents Among College Adults1412 Words   |  6 PagesQuestion: Alcohol uses among college students-What are the trends in alcohol use, abuse, and related accidents among college aged women versus men? Background National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) defines low risk drinking as less than 4 drinks in a day.1 On the other hand, binge drinking as a pattern of drinking makes blood alcohol concentration (BAC) level to 0.07h/dL. This level is typically reached after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men in approximately 2 hours. 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Nelson Mandel An Effective Method Of Ending Apartheid

Nelson Mandela’s contribution to the destruction of apartheid in South Africa is unparalleled. He dedicated every action of his life to unify a sectioned South Africa that showed no signs of reformation. One of the major characteristics of Mandela’s movement in particular was the notion of unification through nonviolence. Throughout South Africa, the apartheid system was strict and unforgiving. The origins of apartheid lied within denying blacks any political power, or any participation in government whatsoever. From this, the National Party established a system of racial segregation that strictly adhered to White Africans. The apartheid system was law, and was aggressively enforced through physical and political abuse towards black South Africans. Any opposition to the apartheid system endangered the lives of all who participated. Naturally, black South Africans would eventually take action against the poor treatment of their â€Å"superiors.† However the most important characteristic of a revolt are the principals on which it is structured. The Nonviolence Campaign was the most effective method of ending apartheid in South Africa. Peaceful opposition prevented unnecessary loss of life, stayed true to the original principals and morals of abolitionists, and prevented the movement itself from falling to hypocrisy. At an early age, Nelson Mandela recognized the importance of nonviolent protest and what it symbolized within a movement. It is important to understand nonviolence as

The Role Of The Learner In His Development Education Essay Free Essays

string(118) " are set out in the constructivist theory – this is based on the cognitive theory that was designed by Piadget\." In this essay I will be comparing two different theories and looking at how they contrast against each other when studied and applied towards the function of the scholar. The country we will be looking at in peculiar is development, and how these theories create two opposing political orientations that suggest separate waies the scholar takes. The first theory I will discourse is Behaviourism which views the function of the scholar as a inactive and ductile signifier that is the consequence of the environments input ( Bee, H. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role Of The Learner In His Development Education Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now A ; Boyd, D. , 2010 ) . Behaviourism classifies most actions as behavior, such as feeling or thought, therefore opening them up to observation of alteration. Behaviorists believe we learn through a rewarding procedure that emphasises our behavior and whether or non it was right ( Bee, H. A ; Boyd, D. , 2010 ) . Not needfully opposing the first theory but my 2nd theory of Constructivism takes a different stance on how it perceives the scholar. Alternatively of being a inactive being, constructivists feel the scholar plays an active function in his/her ‘s development. This is possible, as the theory suggests that we create different systems to get the better of day-to-day experiences and thenceforth an understanding upon contemplation ( Woolfolk, A. , Hughes, M. , 2008 ) . It is besides implied that we learn through a more synergistic attack, which includes job resolution ( Woolfolk, A. , Hughes, M. , 2008 ) . From both of these theories I will pull out the thoughts that form either a inactive or active attack and use those properties to compare the two. Within Behaviourism there are two immediate different types of conditioning. There is Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning. Classical conditioning believes larning takes topographic point between a stimulation and a response. This is a automatic response which in bend topographic points the environment in control – rendering the scholar as inactive, whereas operant conditioning expressions at behavior specifically and its links between different results. This means that through variable behaviors the scholar can derive different results – leting the scholar a grade of pick, but still inactive to the fact that the scholar can merely move upon an event driven by his/her ‘s environment ( Bee, H. A ; Boyd, D. , 2010 ) . This is non a split within the theory, but instead it is two different signifiers of behaviorism. Even though we have these two separate thoughts, we can still see a big similarity that bonds them together, due to the environment itself sti ll keeping a certain sum of control in the scholar ‘s development. This theory utilises the thought that human existences are an ’empty vas ‘ or in the words of John Locke â€Å" Tabula Rasa † ( A Blank Slate ) that is waiting to be filled by experience and cognition ( Woolfolk, A. , Hughes, M. , 2008 ) . Although, behaviorism does non concentrate on cognition as being the key to the scholar ‘s development, it observes alteration of behavior as the true key ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . This is interesting as it therefore can merely analyze discernible events – including those that are unwilled. By unwilled I refer to the thought of being incognizant during the procedure of development and attainment of cognition or experience. This brings me onto another factor in the scholar ‘s function as inactive. Due to how random these events can happen, the scholar has little or no clip to be after in front and hence, as Classical conditioning suggests, has to move instinctively ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . The lone clip contemplation occurs is when the scholar realises they have been developing. This can be a slow procedure and is the ground it is referred to every bit conditioning as it is physically and mentally exciting the physiological reaction system to be able to run better with the input and end product. Operant conditioning uses several different supports to distinguish between the acquisition processes. The three conspicuously used results can be ; positive support, negative support and penalty ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . Using these, it is observed and so ready to be broken down into events on a simple flow chart to see the input, procedure, behavior and end product. This peculiar thought can be seen in the experiment ‘The Skinner Box ‘ ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . Merely as the carnal receives positive support in the signifier of nutrient for executing the right action, such as pressing a button to let go of it, or finishing a maze – as does the scholar in a similar manner through footings of working within their environment. If the scholar carries out an action and receives a enjoyable result, the scholar is most likely traveling to execute the same action once more, in hopes of the same consequence. This once more adds to the inactive function of the scholar as he is still at the clemency of the environments boundaries and restrictions. Now that I have outlined the rudimentss of Behaviourism, I shall travel onto constructivism which believes the scholar is born with basic, natural and cardinal accomplishments. Therefore through geographic expedition of the environment and by manner of different phases in each person ‘s development, the scholar begins to get the better of the challenges that present themselves by utilizing experience and cognition ( Schaffer, H. R. , 2008 ) . It is through this that the scholar begins to besides understand his/her function as active, and acts suitably. A term used here is Adaptation – this refers to the ability that worlds have to alter and accommodate harmonizing to the environment through use of it ( Schaffer, H. R. , 2008 ) . By this I mean the scholar is able to use what it has around him and do it better. This is a large phenomenon as it challenges the behaviorists ‘ thought of the scholar being inactive to the environment, and alternatively the environment is the ductile signifier used by the active function of the scholar. Through ripening the scholar is able to develop through different phases that are set out in the constructivist theory – this is based on the cognitive theory that was designed by Piadget. You read "The Role Of The Learner In His Development Education Essay" in category "Essay examples" It is really elaborate and distinguishes between different ages and different abilities. Sensory-motor ( 0-2 ) , Pre-Operational ( 2-7 ) , Concrete operational ( 7-12 ) and Formal operations ( 12+ ) ( Schaffer, H. R. , 2008 ) . Harmonizing to Piadget, merely like a design at birth, this is all preset and we can non travel frontward to another phase until we are at the right age and have completed the anterior phase. For illustration we can non get down to run before we begin to walk. This may look like a restriction, but in existent fact it ‘s still analogous to our input to the environment and how we choose to research o ur universe through sing it. To further reflect the thought that the function of the scholar is active, we can get down to look at how constructivism breaks down larning into scheme ( which is an internal representation of actions we can execute ) and utilize it to explicate assimilation. Schemas are either a group or individual action that compile together to execute an overall action, and the scheme refers to them as a whole ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . The thought of assimilation is that with scheme that we already possess we are able to research different objects and obtain different experiences. The scholar is invariably constructing upon what we know and seting together a different method for each possible state of affairs ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . An illustration of this is the sucking action performed when suckling. This scheme can subsequently be adapted to a bottle as the kid needs to imbibe. The possibilities are infinite and we develop more com plex scheme as we grow and develop through life. This once more puts the scholar in a function that is active and invariably moving upon his/her environment. Aside from Piadget ‘s theory of constructivism is Vygotsky ‘s theory of Social Constructivism. This takes into history the societal context of the development. The scholar is non merely challenged by his environment physically but besides intellectually in society. He viewed civilization as a major portion in the scholar ‘s development such as the linguistic communication they use, the history and societal context ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . A construct that relates to the function of the scholar that once more shows how active they are is the construct of the Zone of Proximal Development. This concept positions instructors as the accelerator in the development of the kid. If the kid is in their comfort zone and is pushed farther than usual – the result is eventual scheme building to get th e better of the challenge ( Doherty, J. A ; Hughes, M. , 2009 ) . This construct causes the scholar to be seen as far more dimensional character other than an object at the clemency of his/her environment. I will now get down to contrast between the two theories get downing with their differences and traveling onto the little similarities. As we saw, the two chief differences are that both take a strong side with the function of the scholar. In Behaviourism the scholar can merely be inactive ( albeit with little pick operant conditioning ) , and Constructivism views the scholar as an active participant in his pursuit for cognition. This spread is non merely caused by the function of the scholar, but merely as important is how the theory places the environment. It seems that the environment is the key to understanding the function of the scholar. In behaviorism the environment is seen as the active member that through doing different events forces the scholar to have and react through physiological reactions. In constructivism it is close plenty opposite with its theory on the function of the environment. Alternatively the environment is seen as a governable variable that the scholar us es to their advantage. It besides ties in with the construct of ripening and that as we develop we obtain several different schemes that we use to get the better of challenges in life. This can be every bit simple as larning the alphabet to every bit hard as larning a new linguistic communication. The chief function of the scheme that we develop is to help us in sing and researching our universe exhaustively. On the other manus, Behaviourism takes a different attack. The theory suggests that we use our physiological reactions to cover with state of affairss we meet twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours. This can alter with clip and finally operant conditioning takes topographic point where we use our experience to derive preferred results. This may look to suggest that the function of the scholar is slightly active, but in existent fact it is still dependable on the environment to derive the experience and even put the scholar in a state of affairs that requires them to construct upon what they already know. Both theories are at either side of the spectrum and go on to stand as cardinal constructs for looking at the function of the scholar and their development. As we discussed, Behaviourism is more interested in detecting events that can be seen. The alteration in behavior is seen as the lone variable that is utile when analyzing development of the scholar. This may look like an uneven attack as human existences are believing animals, but we are besides natural. It is these physiological reactions that we unconsciously condition suitably to our environment. However on the other side is the theory of constructivism which looks at the ability of version and ripening. Through these two thoughts there is a platform created for analyzing development non merely physically but mentally. Using scheme it brings out an even more active function, as it shows us that we ever researching and larning to get the better of anything we face. I believe by utilizing a in-between land there could be infini te to larn more about natural physiological reactions alongside those that are constructed. Furthermore I would besides wish to raise a inquiry as to the importance of cognition and behavior between the two. It seems behaviorism is far excessively focused on detecting what can be seen, and yet most of our development, aside from obvious alterations in behavior, happens internally. Can it genuinely observe every alteration internally as an discernible event? Constructivism ‘s return on cognition and assimilation besides leaves a batch left to be desired. Schemas are one manner of depicting things, but I believe there should besides be consideration for anomalousnesss and that some people wo n’t follow the same ripening form. Is this still natural, even though it goes against the cognitive attack adopted within constructivism? Both these theories are every bit of import in the perusal of what function the scholar takes and should be treated as such, side by side. How to cite The Role Of The Learner In His Development Education Essay, Essay examples

Defining Law free essay sample

Defining law is a problematic endeavourer as it severs different functions, derives from different origins, signifies various things for different people, and effects everyone differently. Albeit of these factors, many have endeavored to do so, as law has such a prominent structure for all interactions. The changing nature of society meaner that there is an inherent change to law, law must be stable; yet it cannot stand still and, therefore, as something is constantly changing it derives and ever-changing definition. However, the inherent wavering has not deterred the many who have attempted to define law. Any approach to actually pinpoint law must take into account so many variables cultural, economic, institutional, and operational. It becomes almost futile to seek a sole definition for this endless entity. Theories of law diverge sharply in their answers, attempts to define law as a social phenomenon has meant the divergence of two basic categories. The first attempts to define law as a method of maintenance of a normative order within a social group, and given that every social group has normative regulation, every social group has law. Such definitions disregard the presence or absence legal institutions. Rules may be seen o be linked by chains of reciprocated services, over long periods of time, covering wide aspects of interests and activities. Twining and Miners suggest that these notions of rules, characterized by the activities they govern or the sources they originate from are the main devices used by people to define their situations, and therefore, it is said that rules can define law. The problem with this approach is that this form of law is virtually indistinguishable from the responsibilities arising from all social relationships. And it emphasizes the nature of rules only governing social relationships in the context concerned. And as persuasive or as sufficiently understood as they are, rules do not suffice in the administration of all behavior as they are not binding and therefore have the potential to cause social havoc. This also raises issues in calling all forms of ordering that are not state law by the term law, as it confounds the analysis (Merry Legal Pluralism 869) and in turn enables the definition of law to simply be described as social life. The second approach in defining law through a social construct includes defining law in terms of public institutionalized enforcement of norms. Barman explores norms as rescanning them to entail certain modes of conduct, often as unspoken rules guiding and standardizing behavior. Norms have been associated with law as compliance includes similar reasoning; the transgressor in failing to co-operate, becomes the subject of such social sanctions such as feelings of guilt, shame, gossip, and ostracism. However, this convergence quickly disintegrates as norms may only be seen to be the norm in a minority of the society (for example gypsy law), whereas law is seen to fall within accordance of a higher authority, seen as an universal organization. A problem also arises where norms are argued to be at a point of assumption, where the authorization is no longer the product of an act of will. The distinguishing characteristics therefore include the pressure to comply with the law is an external factor to the individual, involving coercion and force. The fear of social control such as disapproval or ridicule trot tort example Tamil or the community can therefore not be said to be the reason for compliance of the law as the forced applied in sanctioning the law is socially authorized to do so; I. E. Police, Judges. Forcing the application of the law cannot be said to define it either. The impeding faculty in the definition of law is the recognition of the reasons for the law and the functions it aims to serve. Law has been said to be instrumental in achieving purposes or goals (Tahiti readings 117). As vast as the number of roles in the society exist, the definition of law falls to each role as they have their own interpretation to fulfill their function and position. As there are so many different view points of what the law is and what its functioning is in society, it becomes extremely difficult to give an exact definition. John Sutton states law is so difficult to define as it meaner various things to various people. Sutton explores law as being a set of standards derived from societys deepest values. In exploring the sources of law such as custom, religious beliefs and morality it has been suggested that the custom has connected people together with collaborative experiences which in turn made the law intertwined with custom.. However, this concept only seems to work when we look at one isolated population. Where the the reasonable man may be an obvious concept to apply in one society, as the constant similar social interactions require a vision of seeing eye-to- eye, this mess to be strange and disruptive to another culture. The very notions of customary or indigenous laws were creations of and reactions to colonization, in which the customs and institutions of indigenous societies were marked as distinct from the norms and systems of the colonizers (readings). Therefore, it may be said that the definition of law through custom is a constructive label used to categorize circumstances of colonization. Providing guidelines and allowing citizens to identify expectations of each other and from government is important to distinguish law from norms, rules and customs. Firstly, the rule of law is a regulator of government power, providing a meaner of equality before the law, expecting that procedural and formal process will provide justice. Parkinson describes the characteristics of law as being autonomous, central to social ordering and moral authority therefore differentiating from norms and customs. The autonomy of law being distinct from custom, morality, religion or politics argues the term customary law itself, is a contradiction as custom and law are regarded as two distinct concepts that never interlock. Therefore, sometimes law is defined through violation consequences. The removal of liberty through prison is a strong deterrence, but other reasons to obey law include morality, feeling obliged, concerns about peer scrutiny, fear of harm and habit (darken). Diverse moral standings and customs, historically have instigated conflicts, and hence the implementation of law was required through the prescription that laws must be clear and certain in their form and consistent in their application (Bottomless and Britton, RL 38). It is evident that the mere codification or legislation of rules is insufficient to be practical, as they must be widely perceived as seasonable, appropriate and fair or morally correct. And although the autonomy of law is a long standing principle, the reality to everyday elite and social conventions, mean that morals or values will influence individual decisions, and as morals are held differently by individual values, the that the definition of law becomes more problematic. Another way law is defined is by its purpose. In some ca ses this purpose is clear and UN-debated. However, in other situations, such as the common law, which has had countless ideas of law influencing its development. The difficulty f defining law becomes apparent where individuals, even of the same discipline cannot agree on a purpose. And in turn illustrates the vast differences in opinion are a key problem in attaining a definition. Therefore, we are able to see that each definition becomes insufficient as it becomes too restrictive when considering another aspect. As law cannot be held the in an objective realm, and the subjective nature of the topic meaner that it has a different meaning for each individual whether they find their definition in purpose, reasoning, effects, origins or functions.

Historical and Theological Context of Byzantine Iconoclasm

Flu Epidemic of 1918 essays

Flu Epidemic of 1918 essays Walking down any given street in the year 1918 between the months of June and December, one would take notice of coffins lining the sidewalks. Nobody was on the streets, and dead bodies were stuffed into every available space. The Flu Epidemic of 1918 not only was the most devastating event of the twentieth century, but propelled the United States to search for a vaccine that has not yet been found, causing concern that the flu will strike again. Influenza has been around almost as long as people have walked the earth. Its roots draw back as far as 412 B.C., when a man named Hippocrates wrote of an uncontrollable outbreak of a disease that closely resembles influenza. This pandemic devastated an entire Athenian army, and has since occurred approximately every one hundred years (Persico 30). However, in 1918, influenza was somewhat different. It became popularly known as the Spanish influenza. This is slightly a misnomer because although it became widely known in Spain during the spring of 1918, it had been noticed on British army bases in France in 1917 (Carter 18). This new virus became extremely deadly in a short amount of time. Nobody could form a good reason as to why it had appeared. Scientists hypothesized that it came from poison gases formed from exploding ammunition, decomposing bodies, and carbon dioxide from trenches, which fused together, forming a toxic vapor (Persico 81). Because it had swept upon the world so quickly, a cure was not available. The influenza of 1918 took people in a matter of days. A victim could be walking around feeling perfectly healthy one morning, be bedridden by nightfall, and have died before daybreak. Doctors were baffled, and gave vaccines that didnt work. When one doctor was asked what the vaccine contained of, he said the vaccines were just a soup made of blood and mucus of flu patients that had been filtered to get rid of large cells and debris (Kolata 23)....

The Duties Owed by Agents to their Principals May or May not be Essay

The Duties Owed by Agents to their Principals May or May not be Dictated by the Express Terms of the Contracts Between them - Essay Example (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. De Busccche v Alt (1878) 8 ChD 286 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Headley Byrne & Co ltd v Heller & Partners Ltd (1964) AC 465 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Robinson v Mollett (1875) LR 7 HL 802 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Solley v Wood (1852) in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Turnbull v Garden (1869) 20 LT 218 145 in Reddy, J., & Johnson, H. (2011). Q & A Commercial Law 2011-2012. Oxon: Taylor & Francis 6th ed. Turpin v Bilton (1843) 5 Man & G 455 in The Law of Agency, The Law of International Trade and Carriage of Goods. Accessed 2 Nov 2011 Watteau v Fenwick [1893] 1 QB 346 in University of London External Programme Accessed 2 Nov 2011 Weigal l& Co v Runciman & Co (1916) 85 LJKB 1187 in Munday Roderick and Munday R.J.C. LJKB 1187 Agency; Law and Principles (2009) Oxford, Oxford University Press The duties owed by agents to their principals may or may not be dictated by the express terms of the contracts between them Agency is an exception to the doctrine of privity in a contract in that a principal is bound by all acts of his agent by virtue of an agreement between him and the agent. Both law and specific terms of contract between them govern the duties owed by agents to their principals. Although a contract of agency is subject to the same rules as in any other contracts, there are certain terms implied such as fiduciary relationship between the principal and the agent which gives rise duties owed to the principal by the agent and rights he can exercise against the principal. In addition, a type known as ‘commercial agent’ also is subject the Commercial Agents (Council Directive) Regulations 1993 pursuant t o European Union Law dealing with termination of agreement in respect of self-employed agents who arrange contracts for the sale or purchase of goods. As per these regulations, a duty is cast on the agents to act ‘dutifully and with good faith’ which term cannot be contracted out by a separate contract between them. Even in the case of gratuitous acts of an agent where there can be no contractual obligations, the agent has fiduciary duties which cannot be avoided merely because of lack of consideration. He will also be liable under torts. In Watteau v Fenwick (1893), hotel owner was held liable for the price of cigar bought by the manger who had been instructed not to buy other than mineral water and beer. This decision is still controversial since the agent acted against the instructions though the supplier assumed that the manager was the owner (Reddy & Johnson, 2011) (Sealy, Hooley, & Hooley, 2008). An agent’s duties regardless of the contractual terms between him and the principal are as follows. Duty to obey All lawful instructions of the principal must be obeyed by his agent. He should not also exceed his authority. This is applicable to both paid and gratuitous agent categories. However, if the instructions are not

Writing Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Writing Experience - Essay Example The essay "Writing Experience" presents the story about the writing experience. The author tells that he started developing the art and zeal of creative writing at the tender age in elementary school. He could learn and practice writing using anything that could draw or make simple lines.I could sit at my desk in school and trace out simple letters on gray papers that afterward smudged when I engaged eraser harshly on the paper. My conscious was vivid; I wanted to emerge the best creative writer in Kindergarten class. I believed in creative writing. It had taken control of my thinking, and I remained at its mercy.My desire to excel in creative writing grew in me throughout the years in school. I developed the zeal to write better-compared to authors in the vast number of books, which I read. I had become jealous of other creative writers. Each day, I could write many times and compare my work with other notable authors. I was so passionate about writing better than the existing liter ary scholars that my mother had to intervene. Mother informed me that if I could engage my soul in writing, I would be the most famous literary writer than authors of the books that I read. Henceforth, I believed in the company of my soul in writing an appealing and understandable literature. I trusted in my mother’s words and later came to the realization that human mind has the power of letting words flow naturally during writing. I also learned that I would have the most interesting and convincing voice in my literary works.

Training for employees and organizations

Training for employees and organizations Training is the process of learning that involves knowledge acquisition, sharpening of skills, concepts; it changes the attitudes and behavior of employees towards work and hence enhances the performance of employees which ultimately leads to high productivity and quality performance of the organizations. The concept of training and development changed a lot during 1990s and 2000s, contributing to high employees performance and meeting organizations goal. As training involves designing and supporting learning activities to achieve certain level of performance where as development refers to the long term growth and learning, focusing the attention on what the employees may need to know or do at some future time. The focus of training is on currents job, tasks and responsibilities where as development refers to future job development (David, 1999). In this context training and development is important for the organizations that aim to have a competitive advantage, high productivity and qulality performance through highly skilled, trained and flexible workforce. As the skilled and trained employees can increase productivety by performing higher level of work with grater value and efficiency. Similarly the skilled and trained workforce can improve an organizations operative flexibility due to their broad knowledge of multi skills. This helps the management to introduce new technology and change production methods. As it is correctly stated that in the current competive climate efficient production even of technically unsophisticated products benefits from technically advanced machinery operated by a workforce with a high level of skills Another important aspect of training and development is that it leads to job satisfaction, employee commitment and motivation as emplyees should be considered as valued assest, a source of competitive advantage through their commitment, adaptability and quality of skills and performance (Juliana S,2004). 2.Purpose Of Training and Development For Employees: For employees training is one of the most important strategy to gain proper knowledge and skills needed to meet the environmental challenges. Employee training and development cannot be just attained by attending seminars and learning about the latest equipment, it requies proper planing to create a nurturing, supportive workplace, where the employees can gain at the maximum and can know about the latest techniques and methds to meet the challenges of the rapidly changing technology and business processes. Well trained, qualified employees are an asset for the orgnaization as they contribute in determining long term profitability of the business trhrough their skills. As training is not just for new employees on job and continuous training and development is necessary for individual and organizational performance. The purpose of traning and development should be to encourage creativity, inventiveness and shape the organizational knowledge so that the employees can differentiate their company from others and make it unique. It is a fact that none of the organizations can hire people with all the expertise and knowlelge of business processes required for carrying out various functions, it is the systematic process of trainig and development of personel that contributes to the attainment of organizational goals and challenges (Jelena VemiĆ¡, 2007). According to American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) president and Chief Executive Officer, business is investing more in training and development than ever before. According to ASTD 1996 companies have realized that a well trained workforce leads to competitiveness. The greater the organizations want excellence the more imminent the employees training becomes. In the organizations where information is not propagated through training and development lead to little or no performance. (Isiaka Sulu Babaita, 2010). The results of significant training and development have moved average performers to efficient performers as the following diagram shows: Source: (Mike Sondalini 2007) Reasons for emphasizing training and development programs for personnel in todays business world includes: To readily create a pool for available and adequate replacement of personnel who may be leaving or moving up in the organization. To help improve the companys ability to adopt new and advanced technology because of highly knowledgeable and trained staff. Training and deveolpent programs contributes to a more efficient, effective and highly motivated team, which enhances the companys competitive position and improves employee morale. Training and development programs motivates employees to develop a greater sense of self-worth, dignity and well-being. It ensures adequate human resources for expansion into new programs. Training and development help employees to learn how to use the resources in an approved fashion that allows the organization to reach its desired output. More over the purpose of employee training and development should not only be attainment of new knowledge, abilities and skills but it should be ensured this program develops entrepreneurship, encourages employees to adapt to new changes according to their attitudes and they should be involved in the process of decision making so that they can contribute more to the organizations in the most effective way (Jelena VemiĆ¡, 2007) 3.Purpose Of Trainig and development For Organization: According to Cascio (1989) training and development is a package consisting of planned programs designed to enhance performance at the individual, group and at organizational levels. The process of training and development in any organization is aimed at solving significant problems, proper analysis of its contribution to the effectiveness and efficiency of the organization and an aid in adjusting to work environment that can increase the capacity of individual or group in contributing to the attainment of the organizational goals (Isiaka Sulu Babaita, 2010). Training and development programs in an organization lead to increased productivity, it reduces the employee turnover, and it enhances the employees efficiency resulting in financial gains. The figure shows how training and development programs are interlinked with the business environment, changes and challenges, the learning process and ultimately resulting in business excellence. (Source:http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/training.html ) According to Daniel (2003) training should not be taken as a luxury or a remedy to train weak employees, it should not act as a group of physicians who minister organizational ills, but it should act as an agent of change. Further the training unit should understand the strategic directions of the organization and its core functions and design and implement the training session accordingly and should move the employees in direction incompliance with its core values. In the current scenario the organizations have realized the importance of training and development and shifted their thinking accordingly. It is evident to the organizations that training is where skills are developed; attitudes of employees towards are changed, ideas are evolved and organizations are reinvented. Training and learning new skills will increase the sales build effective and efficient team, improve the quality, standards of work and meet a broader range of objectives hence creates a new organizational cultur e. Training and development has grown its concerns not only to help individuals to improve their skills, enhance their knowledge, but also helps whole organizations and sub departments grow and develop (Isiaka Sulu Babaita, 2010) 4.Companies Using Training And Develpoment Program: 4.1 Siemens Siemens is one of the leading technology business and one of the largest electrical and electronics engineering companies in the world. Siemens understands the fact that for a business to be competitive, it is important that it has the right number of people with the right skills in the right jobs. For this purpose it carries on work force planning that enables it to audit its employees, their skills and identifies the areas where their is a skills gap necessary for its objectives. As Siemens has a business focused on innovation therefore it needs to anticipate and respond rapidly to external business environment such as climatic change. To tackle with the climatic changes and other internal business changes Siemens either recruit new employees with the required skills or train the existing employees to develop their skills in order to fulfill their business demands. Siemens train their employees either by providing on job training or by off job training. Further siemens has three ma in development programs for the entry level people who start their careers with siemens, who are benefited from the training and educational programs to enhance their skills required by the company. These programs are: Apprenticeships Siemens Commercial Academy Siemens Graduate Programmes An appraisal system named as Performance management Process is used by Siemens to measure the effectiveness of its training and development program, this process helps to focus everyone on the developing needs of the business. There are several benefits for Siemens in using appraisal. It can Ensure that all training is being used well and for the best interests of the company Keep all staff up-to-date in a fast changing business Make sure that staff is well motivate Get feedback from staff on changes Make sure staff is involved in changes. Siemens needs motivated and well trained staff that have up to date skills in order to be competitive, as it understands the fact that well trained staff is an asset to the company therefore provides its staff with a learning environment where they not only enhance their knowledge but also sharp their skills. (http://www.thetimes100.co.uk/case-studytraining-development-strategy-for-growth89-335-1.php) 4.2Case study Of Nestle: Nestlà © is today the worlds leading food company, with a 135-year history and operations in virtually every country in the world. The most important parts of Nestlà ©s business strategy and culture are the development of human capacity in each country where they operate. Learning is an integral part of Nestlà ©s culture. The policy deals with recruitment, remuneration and training and development and emphasizes individual responsibility, strong leadership and a commitment to life-long learning. Nestlà ©s principle is that each employee should have the opportunity to develop to the maximum of his or her potential. As it pays off in the long run in their business results, and that sustainable long-term relationships with highly competent people and with the communities where they operate enhance their ability to make consistent profits. It is important to give people the opportunities for life-long learning as at Nestle that all employees are called upon to upgrade their skills in a fast-changing world. 4.2. Training Programs at Nestlà ©: Nestle provide different training programmes to train its staff to be benefited of their skills and abilities. Therefore the willingness to learn is an essential condition to be a part of Nestlà ©. The employees are given on job training. It is the responsibility of the concerned manager to guide and coach the trainees and ensure the staff makes progress in his/ her position. Literacy Training Most of Nestlà ©s people development programs assume a good basic education on the part of employees therefore the company provides the employees the opportunity to upgrade their essential literacy skills. A number of Nestlà © companies have therefore set up special programs for those who missed a large part of their elementary schooling. Nestlà © Apprenticeship Program Apprenticeship programs have been an essential part of Nestlà © training where the young trainees spent three days a week at work and two at school. Local Training As two-thirds of Nestlà ©s employee work in factories therefore they are being trained on the continuous basis to meet the business needs. Further a number of nestle operating companies run their own residential training centers. Local training is the largest component of Nestle and nearly 240000 employees get training every year. It is the responsibility of the manager to provide appropriate and continuous training to the employees, for this reason the managers are also provided training to enhance their coaching skills. (http://www.mbaknol.com/management-case-studies/case-study-of-nestle-training-and-development/) 5.Training Methods The methods chosen to train the employees should motivate the employees to learn, help them retain and transfer what they have learned and enhance performance with other skills and knowledge. There are two broad types of training which most of the organizations adopt to train their new and existing employees: On the job training Off the job training On job trainnig program is for the emplyees who perform their jobs regularly. Its a time saving technique as the employees are in the process of learning while they are on job. In this type of trainig a plan is developed about what should be the employees taught, to involve the emplyees to participate actively they should be in formed about the details, in short a plan layout should be communicated. Futher the on job techniques include orientations, job instruction training, apprenticeships, internships and assistantships, job rotation and coaching. Off-the-job training is the employee training at a site away from the actual work environment.this technique includes lectures, special study, films, television conferences or discussions, case studies, role playing, simulation, programmed instruction and laboratory training. (http://www.zeromillion.com/business/personnel/employee-training.html) 6.Training Evaluation Training evalution is the proces of evaluating the training program and should be an integral part of the training program as it checks whether the desired results are achieved or not. And ensures wheether the employees are able to immplment their learning to the work place or not . 6.1.Purposes of Training Evaluation The five main purposes of training evaluation are: It helps in giving feedback to the emplyees defining the objectives and linking to learning outcomesof the training program It helps to ascertain the relationship between acquired knowledge, transfer of knowledge at the work place, and training. It helps to control and alter training program because if the training is not effective, then it can be dealt with accordingly. It helps to determine that whether the actual outcomes are aligned with the expected results of the trainig. source:http://traininganddevelopment.naukrihub.com/training-evaluation.html 7.Conclusion: It can be concluded that trainig and development programs are essential for all type of organizations and for all employees, as it enhances the skills and knowledge of the employees which ultimately results in high performance and increases organizations productivity. There major outcomes of training and development programs are that the emplyees who are trained requires lesser super vission than the employee who is yet qualified but not trained. Training is a source of increasing employees confidence in carying out any task with efficiecy and more accurcy. Similarly the orgnaizations which invest in their employees tend to have more productivity and have lower employee turnover. Although training costs money and time but ultimately it benefits the organizations with highly skilled workforce and high performance leading to high profits.

Industrialization in “Hard Times” by Charles Dickens Essay

The industrial revolution was an era of mechanization. During this era, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central theme of fact versus fancy. Due to this theme, the novel ends with many characters realising that a person needs more than just fact in their life. The novel examines the utilitarian system through various characters such as Tom, who has been brought up in the utilitarian education system. Dickens exposes his own views on this system through Sissy Jupe, the uneducated daughter of a circus master, and the positive influence she has on the Gradgrind family. Thomas Gradgrind has a strong rationalist philosophy and believes that fact, and fact alone is the one thing needful but through the satirical way Thomas Gradgrind is described, Dickens makes his own comments regarding his conflicting views of this philosophy. Dickens introduces Mr Gradgrind as Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man of fact and calculationswith a rule and a pair of scales, and multiplication table always in his pocket, sir, ready to weigh and measure and parcel of human nature (p48). This portrays Gradgrind as a man who places a numerical value on everything and does not believe in anything other than black and white fact. Gradgrind is described with a satirical tone which signifies that Dickens is mocking Gradgrind and the system which he believes in. Dickens ridicules Gradgrind through his use of sarcasm against him. This is shown when Dickens says You might hope to get some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind, or John Gradgrind (all suppositious, non-existent persons), but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind no sir (p48) The no sir is an intrusion of the authors voice which, in a condescending tone, ridicules Thomas Gradgrinds strong belief in the utilitarian system. Through Mr Gradgrind, Dickens ridicules the system and it is evident that Dickens disagrees with it. Tom is a product of the utilitarian system and Dickens uses him to convey his  own opinions of the system. Tom was brought up by his father under a system that allowed room for nothing but fact (p47). He was not exposed to any emotion and as a result he did not develop any decent morals. He was taught to value fact alone whilst remaining ignorant of compassion. His callous nature is evident when he positions Steven Blackpool to be falsely accused of robbing the bank. Tom instructs Steven to just hang about the bank an hour or so (p191) and soon afterwards Tom goes ahead with the robbery. As a result of Toms instructions, the citizens blame Steven for robbing the bank as he was seen hanging about the bank just before the robbery. This incident reveals Toms deceitful nature due to the fact he is mercilessly able to let his fellow worker take the blame for his crime. It also signifies that even thought Tom was brought up in a system that was believed to be infallible; this utilitarian system did not teach him other more important things such as how to be a good person. Another example that reveals Toms cunningness is when Tom decides to visit Louisa after having ignored her for a long period of time. The only reason Tom does this is because he is aware that Mr Bounderby has proposed to Louisa and he wants to ensure that she accepts his proposal as this will increase his earnings at Mr Bounderbys bank. Tom says to Louisa Has father said anything particular to you, today or yesterday, Loo? then her brother glanced at her face with greater interest than usual, and, encircling her waist with his arm, drew her coaxingly to him (p130). The way Tom treats Louisa indicates that he only shows interest in his sister when he has something to gain from it. His actions are manipulative when he coaxingly brings her towards him. This shows that, even though Tom has been provided with what was believed to be the finest education, ad has learnt every Ology, he is still extremely selfish and uses people to his own will and benefit. Tom has turned out to be a very corrupt man and, being a product of the utilitarian system, Dickens uses Tom to declare that this system does not work. Dickens portrays the idea that the utilitarian system has drained all the goodness of human nature through the symbolic description of Sissy and Bitzer within Hard Times. For example, when Sissy and Bitzer are introduced to the reader, it is evident through the symbolism used that Dickens favours Sissy, of the lower class. The girl was so dark eyed and dark haired, that she seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her, the boy was so light eyed and light haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed (p50). This passage is significant because it reveals Dickens opinion of the utilitarian system. It is no coincident that Bitzer, the boy who was educated under the system of fact has been described as colourless while Sissy, the poor and uneducated girl, has been described as lustrous. The colour symbolises the fancy while the paleness represents the fact and through the above passage Dickens states that Bitzer is being filled with so much fact that it is draining all the fancy out of him. Sissy, on the other hand, has not been educated and filled with fact therefore she has been characterised as dark and full of colour. Another example that epitomises Dickens use of colour to represent goodness is when Sissy is revealing to Louisa that she never once envied her. She says I had nothing to complain of, and was not at all hurt (p148). This demonstrates Sissys unpretentious nature and the author believes this is a respectable quality to possess which he highlights by saying Her colour rose as she said it modestly and hurriedly(p148). This shows that Dickens has used colour to represent kindness whilst a lack of colour, such as that describing Bitzer, to highlight the negative outcomes of the system. Through Sissys influence on the Gradgrind family Dickens presents the idea that there is another thing needful than just fact. Another critique, David Craig, also agrees that Dickens conveys is opinions his views on the utilitarian system through inspection of the Gradgrind family. Hard Times is increasingly taken over by an examination of the family, showing how damaging and limiting an upbringing which allows no place for imagination and fancy can be. The effect Sissy has on the Gradgrinds is shown through the way the characters change throughout the novel. For example, at the beginning of the novel Louisa is unable to express her emotions because even if she does try she is told not to. Later in the novel when Louisa becomes ill Sissy spends considerable amounts of time with her. This gives Louisa an  opportunity to learn about love and compassion. This is evident when Louisa cries out Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head of mi ne upon a loving heart. This speech by Louisa is very different to anything said by her earlier in the novel. It is an outburst of emotion and there is evidence of expression which Dickens has indicated through the use of exclamation marks. Another incident that epitomises Sissys kindness, and the consequence this has, is the speech given by Mrs Gradgrind preceding her death. She tells Louisa You learnt a great deal, LouisaOlogies of all kinds, from morning to nightbut there is something not an Ology at all that your father has missed, or forgotten, Louisa I dont know what it is. I have often sat with Sissy near me, and thought about it (p225). Sissys presence is noteworthy because it indicates that Sissy inspires Mrs Gradgrinds emotional being, something that the Gradgrinds were never exposed to before. It shows that Sissy possess a certain touch of humanity that not even the most fact-filled person could provide or teach. Through this Dickens states that even though Sissy has not been educated, she has much to offer to the world; she has more than what Mr Gradgrind could ever have taught his children. Charles Dickens lived during the industrial revolution, an era ruled by utilitarianism. His knowledge of the system as well as his personal opinion is revealed in Hard Times through the characterisation of the Gradgrind family, Sissy Jupe and Bitzer. Mr Gradgrind believes that fact is one and only thing you need whilst Sissy believes there is more to life than fact. Throughout the novel these two philosophies are compared and as an end result readers are positioned to believe, through techniques of characterisation and symbolism used by Dickens, that fancy is just as important as fact. Dickens states that a person without fancy cannot possess the goodness and modesty present within Sissy and that even the most intelligent person who knows all their Ologies cannot be a moral person if they do not nourish their emotion and imagination. References: Oldham, R. (2000). Charles Dickens Hard Times. Retrieved 27 August 2005, from http://www.pillowrock.com/ronnie/hardtimes.htm

Description of the Organization Essay

The headquarters of the United States Air Force is located at Robins Air Force Base in Warner, Robins, Georgia. It has more than 300 flying and support units charged with monitoring and overseeing activities of the said organization. There are about thirty-six wings that comprise the Air Force. Each has a special mission or assigned activity with the cooperation of other flying units. Reserve units assist the Wings assigned to them and is categorized into 5 classifications namely: 1) Individual Mobilization Augmentee (IMA), 2) Ready, 3) Standby, 4) Inactive Ready Reserve, and 5) the Retired Reserve. The members of the specified reserve and wing units have specific qualifications, duly approved by law or decree of the President of the United States. The Recruitment Process The US Air Force employs a so-called recruiter. Its duty is to contact as much as possible eligible civilians to join the Air Force. Before one can become a recruiter, he/she must undergo specified air force training and some educational lectures on the organization. Recruitment is also tackled in the air force class, with senior military officers as the roster of faculty. The recruiter can also be a non-commissioned officer trained in the following: 1) US Military History, 2) Fundamentals of Management, 3) Principles of War, and 4) Basic Health Care (. http://www. afreserve. com/contact. asp). This is done so that the recruiter can answer the broadest and numerous questions of the potential recruited. Understanding the organization is a requisite for a person to become a recruiter. Nonetheless, being a recruiter necessitates the capability of speaking to a wide array of individuals from different economic and cultural/ethnic background. The US Air Force Civilian Employment provides recruitment and staffing services to almost all air bases in the country. Most recruiters are assigned to this agency. Websites are also posted in order for civilians, who have no contacts to certified recruiters, to have an opportunity to view the programs of the US Air Force. The pattern of recruitment however differs for US Air Force civilian employees and its military personnel (http://www. airforce. com/training/enlisted/index. php). In order to become a civilian employee of the said organization, one must undergo these steps: 1) a required reading of the job kit of the organization, 2) a submission of a resume, indicating educational attainment and other facts about the applicant, 3) the US Air Force Civilian Employment Center will search jobs applicable to the person, and 4) a formal approval of the base head. The recruitment of civilian employees is always connected to the proximity of the air force base to the residential areas of the would-be employees. The recruiters usually go to these residences (close to the field) and ask people if they are willing to join the US Air Force as civilian employees. Of course qualifications must be stated and the priority goes to the unemployed. A questionnaire is presented to the civilians willing to join the US Air Force as civilian employees. The questionnaire contains socio-demographic questions addressed to the civilian. A question and answer forum is the next step in the recruitment process. The applicant is required to ask questions from the recruiter about fundamental facts about the organization, its history, the jobs that can be taken, and other vital information. The recruiter is restricted from answering questions that requires enumerating problems in the organization. This is done to encourage the civilian to join the US Air Force. For civilians who want to become military personnel of the US Air Force, the same procedure is applied although this time the recruitment pattern becomes more complex. A special form of questionnaire is presented to the applicant; socio-demographic questions and a background check on the US Air Force are the main items in this type of questionnaire. The applicant is then asked by the recruiter on a scale of 1-10 how willing will he/she join the US Air Force. The recruiter here is not a civilian employee but rather a non-commissioned officer of the Air Force. After the applicant answered, the recruiter will ask the reasons behind the answer. The recruiter would then present to him/her the list of jobs available (in a particular base) for a military personnel. The reply of the applicant will be received after a couple of days. The applicant then will wait for the recommendation. The applicant must undergo several health tests before the final training begins. Key Issues in the Recruitment Process There are two major issues facing the recruitment process. First is the fact that many civilian employees of the organization are recruited based on the proximity of their residences to an air force field. Socially speaking, this trend may create an ethnic or social division in the Air Force itself. If most of the Air Force civilian personnel in Washington are of American Indian origin, this may affect the reputation of the air force base concerned. In order to avoid this instance, the US Air Force Employment Services posted websites that are accessible to many people. A number of recruiters are presented, and the center hires people regardless of ethnicity and religion. This consideration is also posted to a number of websites created by the US Air Force. Second, the fluctuating number of recruited personnel is due in part to the nature of the salary and benefits of the organization. Recommendations There should be two sets of questionnaires given to civilians who want to become military personnel of the organization. The first questionnaire is identical to the questionnaire given to the would-be civilian employee. This is done so as to identify the commonality of reactions of the two types of personnel; whether distinction in class affects the efficiency of the organization {it is possible that the civilian employees may feel inferior from that of the military personnel}. With regard to salaries, it must be increased to the level that will match the country’s inflation and exchange rates.

Global Trading with the US Pros and Cons Free Essay Example, 5250 words

Economically speaking, every country is interested to promote its own satisfactory economic growth, relatively full employment and stability of prices of goods and services by maintaining a low level of inflation. The latter are coincidentally the similar goals of both fiscal and monetary policies. As such the two tunes of the two policies are the same, but the lyric of one is in one language like English while the other is in another language like Spanish. Governments, on the other hand, will make use of fiscal policy to manipulate government spending and taxation. Their purpose, of course, it to influence demand in the overall economy so demand cannot be too excessive to produce high inflation. This is the reason for the need for monetary policies as controls on the growth rate of money supply. Both those policies will, therefore, reflect their effectiveness in the overall economy of each country. This paper would later relate how one country benefits from international trade with other countries while each country will manage its own economy by the use of macroeconomic and microeconomic policies. In a deeper sense, policies on international trade could be part of both macroeconomic and microeconomic policies as would be explained later. We will write a custom essay sample on Global Trading with the US Pros and Cons or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now As to whether the US economy has benefited from its importations in terms of attaining its macroeconomic targets, the answer should be in the affirmative. This is on the premise that the US needed to import many things in order to keep its industries running. Its dependence from oil-exporting countries to sustain its consumption and eventual export in products where it has comparative advantage can only happen with the need to import things and material it could not produce or could only be produced with loss of comparative advantage. Countries all over the world may manage their economies with the use of macroeconomic policies and microeconomic policies. The macroeconomic policies essentially include the fiscal policies and monetary policies which deal on the aggregate economy.